Chapter+4

Welcome to chapter 4! There is a discussion board at the bottom of the page. Please leave any questions you may have about the chapter, homework, or questions you are struggling with. If you're having trouble accessing the discussion board, please send me an email!

**CHAPTER VOCABULARY** You can participate online by providing explanations for vocabulary in your own words. You can give examples if it helps your explanation of words. You can do one or five or ten and you can add on to posts that have already been made if you would like to improve an explanation. Don't forget to leave your name beside text that you write.

**puberty** **-** The period in human development in which the person becomes sexually mature and able to reproduce (Andrew Park)

**testosterone** **-** (tess- TOSS- tuhr- own) the male sex hormone produced by the testes (Andrew Park)

**scrotum** **-** A protective sac that encloses the testes (Andrew Park)

**testes** **-** (singular in testis) produce and nourish sperm as they develop, and also produce testosterone. (Andrew Park)

**seminiferous tubules** **-** A mass of coiled tubes in the testis that produce haploid sperm cells. (Andrew Park)


 * epididymis - **a duct that sits above the testes, where mature sperm are stored (Erin Lee)


 * vas deferens - **a tube that is attached to the epididymis and carries the sperm to the urethra (Erin Lee)


 * urethra - **transports sperm and urine outside the body (both excretory and reproductive systems) (Erin Lee)


 * penis - **a primary reproductive organ for males or hermaphrodite organisms; there are organisms such as blue whales, horses, and humans that have penises (Jordan)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">semen - ** the viscid, whitish fluid produced in the male reproductive organs, containing spermatozoa. (Ashton)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">mammary glands - **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ovary - ** the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop. (Ashton)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">follicles - **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">estrogen - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Basically it is female sex hormone. (Sean)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">progesterone - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a kind of female sex hormones that helps the womb for pregnancy. (Jae Won Yoon)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">menstrual cycle - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the female reproductive cycle which in each cycle an egg matures and is released from female's body (Jenny)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">menopause - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a period of time when a female's reproductive ability becomes deficient; ova and sexual hormones stop producing (Jordan)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ovulation - ** to produce and discharge eggs from an ovary or ovarian follicle. (Ashton)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">corpus luteum - **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">oviduct (fallopian tube) **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> - A tube where ova pass from ovary to get outside (Amy)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">uterus (womb) - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The part where embryo develops into a baby. ( Jae Won Yoon)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">endometrium - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Membrane lining uterus. (Amy)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">cervix - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the part that uterus meet in the middle part of vagina. (Sean)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">vagina - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the part that lead to womb, also it has two important function, which are Sexual intercourse, and child. (Sean)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">menstruation - ** the periodic discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus, occurring approximately monthly from puberty to menopause in non pregnant women and females of other primate species. (Ashton)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">flow phase - **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">follicular phase - **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">luteal phase - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">final stage which empty follicle develops into the corpus luteum (Jenny)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">embryonic development - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the steps that an embryo undergoes, in order to be a fully formed baby (Jenny)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">amniotic fluid - ** the watery fluid in the amnion, in which the embryo is suspended.(Ashton)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">labour - ** the process or effort of childbirth or the time during which this takes place (Ashton)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">differentiation - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> differentiation is a process of cells or tissue endures to more upgraded function (Amy)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">stem cells - ** a cell that upon division replaces its own numbers and also gives rise to cells that differentiate further into one or more specialized types, as various B cells and T cells. (Ashton)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">karyotype - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the appearance of chromosomes in a somatic cell. (Amy)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">sex-linked ****<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 1.5;">characteristics - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 1.5;">Sex- linked characteristics are genes that locate to sex chromosomes (Amy)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">nondisjunction - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">failure of sister chromatids to make apart after into metaphase in meiosis or mitosis. (Amy)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Down syndrome - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Down syndrome is a genetic disease that has one more 21st chromosomes. (Sean)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Turner syndrome - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">When female's cells have only one X chromosomes (Jenny)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Klinefelter syndrome - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">When male's cells have two X chromosomes and a Y chromosomes (Jenny)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ultrasound - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">is the sound that human can't hear it, also it is usually 2MHz. (Sean)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">amniocentesis - **If a pregnant woman has an amniocentesis, fluid is removed from her womb in order to check that her baby is not affected by certain genetic disorder (Jenny)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">miscarriage - **a death of a baby in his or her mother's womb; there are several causes such as genetic abnormalities, or bleeding out of the baby.(Jordan)


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">surrogate mother - **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a mother who gave birth to a baby artificially through surrogation; this can vary from receiving sperm from a man or donating her eggs. Artificial insemination is included too. (Jordan)

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17.77777862548828px; text-align: center;">CHAPTER CONTENT ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">4.1 & 4.2 Male and Female Reproductive <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">4.3 Pregnancy - Fertilization to Birth <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">4.4 Gender Determination in Humans <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">4.5 Atypical Meiosis <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">4.6 - Prenatal Procedures <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">4.7 - Reproductive Technologies <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17.77777862548828px; text-align: left;">CHAPTER <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17.77777862548828px;">REVIEW QUESTIONS <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17.77777862548828px; text-align: left;">